The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley
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The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley
Read and Download The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley
The New York Times bestselling author of The Rational Optimist and Genome returns with a fascinating, brilliant argument for evolution that definitively dispels a dangerous, widespread myth: that we can command and control our world.
The Evolution of Everything is about bottom-up order and its enemy, the top-down twitch—the endless fascination human beings have for design rather than evolution, for direction rather than emergence. Drawing on anecdotes from science, economics, history, politics and philosophy, Matt Ridley’s wide-ranging, highly opinionated opus demolishes conventional assumptions that major scientific and social imperatives are dictated by those on high, whether in government, business, academia, or morality. On the contrary, our most important achievements develop from the bottom up. Patterns emerge, trends evolve. Just as skeins of geese form Vs in the sky without meaning to, and termites build mud cathedrals without architects, so brains take shape without brain-makers, learning can happen without teaching and morality changes without a plan.
Although we neglect, defy and ignore them, bottom-up trends shape the world. The growth of technology, the sanitation-driven health revolution, the quadrupling of farm yields so that more land can be released for nature—these were largely emergent phenomena, as were the Internet, the mobile phone revolution, and the rise of Asia. Ridley demolishes the arguments for design and effectively makes the case for evolution in the universe, morality, genes, the economy, culture, technology, the mind, personality, population, education, history, government, God, money, and the future.
As compelling as it is controversial, authoritative as it is ambitious, Ridley’s stunning perspective will revolutionize the way we think about our world and how it works.
The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley - Amazon Sales Rank: #30691 in Books
- Published on: 2015-10-27
- Released on: 2015-10-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.17" w x 6.00" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 368 pages
The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge, by Matt Ridley Review “A highly intelligent and bracingly iconoclastic view of the world. It forces us to see life through new eyes.” (New York Times Book Review)“A compelling argument...a fascinating work...The way the book frames the argument is delightfully novel...Ridley has amassed such a weight of fascinating evidence and anecdote that the pages fly by.” (The Times (Saturday Review))“Ridley shows how hard it has been for even the most definite evolutionists to fully abandon the notion of a guiding intelligence…Yet that is what the hard evidence…that Ridley adduces in every chapter compels us all to do.” (Booklist (starred review))“This penetrating book is Mr. Ridley’s best and most important work to date…there is something profoundly democratic and egalitarian-even anti-elitist-in this bottom-up approach: Everyone can have a role in bringing about change.” (Wall Street Journal)“An exceptional book: exceptionally easy to read, easy to understand, easy to appreciate…Of the many good general texts on the subject, THE EVOLUTION OF EVERYTHING emerges as the fittest to champion the case for the ubiquity of evolution.” (Washington Times)“Ridley is a provocative, occasionally pugnacious writer and his book is intriguing and artfully argued.” (London Sunday Times)“Highly readable, invariably interesting…Ridley’s laudable aim is to disenthrall us of our intuitive creationism and make us see evolution at work everywhere…Ridley succeeds in spades…He possesses the rare power to see the world in a different light - one made not by great men or women but by undirected, incremental change.” (New Scientist)“An ingenious study…fascinating…thought-provoking…difficult to put down.” (Kirkus, starred review)“Impressive…Readers of evolutionary theory, sociology, history, anthropology and philosophy shall be highly entertained by this thought-provoking read.” (Library Journal)“Building on the timeless insights of Lucretius, Ridley examines how civilization inexorably organizes itself. Wrong-headed social theories, he and Lucretius agree, just get in the way.” (Stewart Brand, Author, Whole Earth Discipline)
From the Back Cover
The New York Times bestselling author of The Rational Optimist and Genome returns with a fascinating argument for evolution that definitively dispels a dangerous, widespread myth: that we can command and control our world.
Human society evolves. Change in technology, language, morality, and society is incremental, inexorable, gradual, and spontaneous. It follows a narrative, going from one stage to the next; it creeps rather than jumps; it has its own spontaneous momentum rather than being driven from outside; it has no goal or end in mind; and it largely happens by trial and error—a version of natural selection. Much of the human world is the result of human action but not of human design: it emerges from the interactions of millions, not from the plans of a few.
Drawing on fascinating evidence from science, economics, history, politics, and philosophy, Matt Ridley demolishes conventional assumptions that the great events and trends of our day are dictated by those on high, whether in government, business, academia, or organized religion. On the contrary, our most important achievements develop from the bottom up. Just as skeins of geese form Vs in the sky without meaning to and ter-mites build mud cathedrals without architects, so brains take shape without brain-makers, learning happens without teaching, and morality changes for no reason other than the prevailing fashion. Although we neglect, defy, and ignore them, bottom-up trends shape the world. The Industrial Revolution, cell phones, the rise of Asia, and the Internet were never planned; they happened. Languages emerged and evolved by a form of natural selection, as did common law. Torture, racism, slavery, and pedophilia—all once widely regarded as acceptable—are now seen as immoral despite the decline of religion in recent decades. In this wide-ranging and erudite book, Ridley brilliantly makes the case for evolution, rather than design, as the force that has shaped much of our culture, our technology, our minds, and that even now is shaping our future.
As compelling as it is controversial, as authoritative as it is ambitious, Ridley’s deeply thought-provoking book will change the way we think about the world and how it works.
About the Author
Matt Ridley is the award-winning, bestselling author of several books, including The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves; Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters; and The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. His books have sold more than one million copies in thirty languages worldwide. He writes regularly for The Times (London) and The Wall Street Journal, and is a member of the House of Lords. He lives in England.
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61 of 64 people found the following review helpful. Shades of Herbert Spencer's "Social Darwinism", but more evolved thinking By Edward Durney Matt Ridley has a theory: everything evolves. Building on biological evolution, which he terms a special theory of evolution, Matt Ridley develops in this book a general theory of how evolution lets new ideas emerge in technology, culture, science, economics, history, politics and philosophy.Something like Charles Darwin's natural selection operates in all these areas to ensure that the fittest ideas survive while the weakest die out. Trial and error rules, not command and control. Things evolve not by design, but by chance. Not from the top down, but from the bottom up.The process of evolution is slow, gradual, chaotic, brutal, unpredictable and impossible to stop. (The word "evolution" originally meant "unroll" or "unfold".) Things happen; they are not planned and implemented. They have no cause; there is no effect. Not that design and intention by leaders and directors play no part. But for the most part, purposeful design takes a back seat to emergent evolution.Matt Ridley has the background to build this bold theory. A biologist by training, his 1994 book The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature looked at how sexual selection influences biological evolution. In his 2010 book The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves, he moved from looking at evolution in biology to seeing its mark in social phenomena.Matt Ridley has the chops to make that leap. He has long been a science writer and was American editor of the Economist, but he also is a member of the British House of Lords. He saw economic evolution in action as chairman of the British bank Northern Rock, which in the mid 2000s experienced the first run on a British bank in 150 years and failed (Matt Ridley resigned, and the bank was bailed out by the government and nationalized).This book is ambitious. Matt Ridley starts by sketching out the general theory of evolution. He then gets specific, with chapters discussing evolution in: the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, and the internet. Finally, he ends with evolution of the future.How exactly does this evolutionary process work? To take just one example that everyone will quickly grasp, the English language just evolves. No one is in charge of it or directs it. No one could. Changes in the language just happen as millions of people use it. Popular changes become accepted and entrenched. Unpopular changes die out and disappear. Evolution in the language happens slowly, but it never stops.The book has its weaknesses (no footnotes, for example -- just "sources and further reading" listed by chapter at the end), but for me, it was 320 pages of fun. Never hesitant to stretch his theory, but always ready to back up his ideas, Matt Ridley makes a strong case for the general theory of evolution. And he notes how this idea is not new, tracing its genesis back to Epicurus and then Lucretius in his De rerum natura (the story of which is chronicled in The Swerve: How the World Became Modern) and then through Charles Darwin, Adam Smith, and others.I don't buy everything Matt Ridley argues. There are shades of the largely discredited "Social Darwinism" of Herbert Spencer and others in Matt Ridley's thinking. Some of the pegs are a little too round to fit comfortably in the square hole he tries to force them into. But generally, I think he is right. Politicians like to think they are in charge of society, and they can make it work. Instead, I think that comes from "we the people", and what emerges is not always what we want.
56 of 63 people found the following review helpful. A Future Classic By Hayekian Nearly 35 years ago, 1974 Nobel Prize winner in economics F.A. Hayek wrote:“We understand now that all enduring structures above the level of the simplest atoms, and up to the brain and society, are the results of, and can be explained only in terms of, processes of selective evolution…”Mr. Ridley’s fantastic book will greatly help mankind finally catch up to Hayek.To properly understand how the world works one must understand how at a fundamental level evolution is like an algorithm for creating order and everything around us. That is the essence of Hayek’s quote and Mr. Ridley’s book. Ridley cleverly titled his chapters as “The Evolution of Life”, “The Evolution of Genes”, “The Evolution of…” The chapters are bite sized chunks of evolutionary explanations that neatly tie everything together leaving the reader with a remarkably simple yet profound way of understanding how the entire world works. Hayek would have been proud.Mr. Ridley was awarded the Manhattan Institute’s 2011 Hayek prize for his previous and also highly recommended book “The Rational Optimist”. In his acceptance speech he mentions how sort of shocking it is that someone like himself can get a PHd from one of England’s finest universities without ever hearing of intellectual giants like Adam Smith and much less F.A. Hayek. He says: “Many of the insights that I thought I had discovered in my own readings and writings...it turns out Hayek had long before me.”Yes! And I’m sure this happens to people all the time as they inevitably stumble upon the fact that “processes of selective evolution” are what shape all order. In chapter 7 titled “The Evolution of Technology” Ridley mentions Brian Arthur from the famed “Santa Fe Institute”. Arthur too is one of the many people who rediscovered Hayek’s and fellow free-market ‘Austrian Economists’ insights. Arthur once mentioned:"Right after we published our first findings [on the implications of path dependence and complexity theory for economics], we started getting letters from all over the country saying, 'You know, all you guys have done is rediscover Austrian economics' .. I admit I wasn't familiar with Hayek and von Mises as the time. But now that I've read them, I can see that this is essentially true."Sadly none of Arthur’s recent publications with titles like “Complexity and the Economy” and “The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves”, which are such “Hayekian” themes, mention Hayek at all. It is as if Arthur discovered how to make a wooden decagon to use as a wheel when 20 years earlier Hayek and von Mises had created Michelins.It was interesting to see in Ridley’s book how Stephen Jay Gould never saw how natural selection, without human conscious planning, was the key to a prosperous social order. Ridley mentions “As a Marxist, Gould surprisingly approved of this philosophy –for biology, but not for economics: ‘It is ironic that Adam Smith’s system of laissez faire does not work in his own domain of economics, for it leads to oligopoly and revolution’”Ridley writes “A genome is a digital computer program of immense complexity.” Which reminded me of Dawkin’s wonderful ‘River out of Eden’ where I believe I first saw this important analogy.Great paragraph showing evolution at work:“As the rest of the cancer dies away, the descendants of this rogue cell gradually begin to multiply, and the cancer returns. Heartbreakingly, this is what happens all too often in the treatment of cancer: initial success followed by eventual failure. It’s an evolutionary arms race.”One thing I did not like about the book were quotes from disastrous economists like Larry Summers. Mr. Summers seems like you average misguided Keynesian and even served as the head of the World Bank. That’s banking socialism at its best, the very opposite of free-banking which Mr. Ridley preaches and does a great and concise job describing in his book. Ridley writes: “The economist Larry Summers tells his students: ‘Things will happen in well-organised efforts without direction, controls, plans. That’s the consensus among economists’”. The last sentence in that quote “the consensus among economists” yikes! How many times have we heard “the consensus among climate scientists” or “the consensus among etc.” to push gigantic errors via government force upon the entire social order with disastrous consequences? Nasty quote.On the other hand it was wonderful to see Ridley quote perhaps the greatest economist of the 20th century, Ludwig von Mises, who had a profound effect on F.A. Hayek and could have saved humanity millions of lives had more people managed to read and understand his utter destruction of Socialism as an economic system as early as 1922. As Hayek mentioned:“When Socialism[Mises’ book that destroyed Socialism] first appeared in 1922, its impact was profound. It gradually but fundamentally altered the outlook of many of the young idealists returning to their university studies after World War I. I know, for I was one of them.”Ridley writes:---“You will often hear people say that free markets have been discredited, as they sip cups of coffee while sitting on chairs, wearing clothes and checking text messages –each of which was supplied by hundreds, thousands of producers whose beautifully coordinated collaboration was unplanned but achieved by ‘market forces’…Who decreed that coffee shops should take the form that they do? The customers.As Ludwig von Mises pointed out in 1944, the real bosses in a market economy are the consumers.“They, by their buying and by their abstention from buying, decide who should own the capital and run the plants. They determine what should be produced and in what quantity and quality. Their attitudes result either in profit or in loss for the enterpriser. They make poor men rich and rich men poor. They are no easy bosses. They are full of whims and fancies, changeable and unpredictable. They do not care a whit for past merit. As soon as something is offered to them that they like better or is cheaper, they desert their old purveyors.”--- End of Ridley's quoteRidley continues soon after quote with “…Yet the history of government over the past few centuries is that when the state steps in to provide something that was underprovided by people for themselves, things do not necessarily improve; often they get worse. Market failure is a favorite phrase; government failure is not.”It was interesting to learn about the early history of various government interventions in England, like how Lloyd George was responsible for a scheme where he “used the proceeds of the tax to double the minimum pay of doctors, effectively transferring wealth from poor workers to rich doctors.” Thus helping government bureaucracy begin to hamper the medical sector in England.The discussion on eugenics was great and learning about how the US helped sterilize about 3 million people in India during 1972-73 was a bit shocking. Ridley writes: “In 1976, when eight million Indians were sterilized, Robert McNamara visited the country and congratulated it: ‘At long last India is moving effectively to address its population problem.’”The discussion on patents and how the social order is like a collective brain where people share knowledge and how all inventions or discoveries have much more to do with the workings of the system/free-market as opposed to individual brilliance was excellent too. For being a top scholar Mr. Ridley humbly shows how it is the free-market that makes us great and plays the leading role in innovation. ‘Great minds’ will have to rightly swallow their pride.In chapter 15 “The Evolution of Money” Mr. Ridley makes the case for free banking by showing how banking too is not something that needs a central planner and that we would be better off without such banking-central-planning like we have these days with the Federal Reserve and so on. He rightly shows how artificially low interest rates created by central banks by increasing the money supply was a leading factor in the bubble that began to explode in 2008. It was great to see him quoting the various misguided “economic experts” like Nobel Laureates in economics Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman in a way that shows how wrong and misguided these Central/Socialist banking Keynesians were. Ridley writes: “The economist Paul Krugman was still insisting as late as July 2008 that ‘Fannie and Freddie had nothing to do with the explosion of high-risk lending a few years ago,’ and also had nothing to do with sub-prime loans. By contrast, Congressman Ron Paul was already warning that the special privileges granted to the two GSEs meant that ‘the losses will be greater than they would otherwise have been had the government not actively encouraged overinvestment in housing’”Mainstream Keynesians like Krugman and Bernanke are constantly having to fight off free-market libertarians in the US, especially a bunch of them who came to libertarianism and free-market ‘Austrian economics’ thanks to the 2008/2012 presidential runs of Dr. Ron Paul. But these people Krugman and Bernanke can dismiss as just libertarian teenage ideologues or whatever. The fact that Ron Paul is Christian and sometimes makes references to morality as a defense of free-markets, makes it easy for Krugman and Bernanke to dismiss Paul’s free-market views as some irrational Christian fundamentalism. This is well captured in a comment Bernanke made in 2011 where he said “I'm not a believer in the Old Testament theory of business cycles” which was a sort of stab or dismissal of Ron Paul, again, implying that Ron Paul’s economic views are more of religious conservative fundamentalism than being based on sound economic principle. But they won’t be able to make that mistake anymore. Now Krugman, Bernanke, and his replacement Yellen have to deal with Ridley, and it does not get much more “scientific” than a guy like Ridley who is good friends with the likes of Dawkins and leaders of the British scientific community. I have little doubt that given the clarity and readability of this fantastic little book, many minds in the upper echelons of the scientific community where Mr. Ridley swims so well will quickly come around to free-market economics. Thanks to books like Ridley’s, free-market economics is now firmly riding on the unstoppable evolutionary train which will bulldoze its way through economic ignorance just like it did with religious mysticism. Natural selection and evolution shape both the biological world of genes and living things and the macro world of the social organism/economy, to only know about their influence in biology is to have an incomplete understanding of them. So those biologists who think they are “experts” in natural selection and evolution really only know half the story and thus have an incomplete understanding of theories they hold dear.One thing that I would have liked to have seen in this very important chapter is at least a passing reference to Carl Menger who was rightly mentioned in chapter 6 “The Evolution of the Economy” for his participation in the so-called “Marginalist Revolution” in economics. Chapter 15 begins as follows:“Money is an evolutionary phenomenon. It emerged gradually among traders, rather than being created by rulers –despite the heads of kings on the coins: those just illustrated the tendency of the powerful to insist on monopolies. And there is absolutely no reason why money must be a government monopoly.”Very true and makes a great point but “It emerged gradually among traders” is all the explanation the chapter has with respect to how money actually emerged from barter and how, without any human planning or design, money solves the “double coincidence of wants” problem which would otherwise keep market economies limited in size to just a few hundred or thousand people. To my knowledge it was Carl Menger who provided the evolutionary explanation for this transition in his groundbreaking book “Principles of Economics”. Hayek rightly referred to Menger’s book as “such a fascinating book—so satisfying.” But this is just a nice-to-have and in no way diminishes the chapter’s awesomeness.One last very minor criticism of the book is how in one of the final chapters “The Evolution of the Internet”, while discussing all the internet spying that Governments are now doing, Ridley makes a somewhat condescending sounding remark about Edward Snowden and Julian Assange. He writes:“It was a pity, perhaps, that we found all this out from flawed whistleblowers like Julian Assange and Edward Snowden, who sometimes seemed only too happy to compound the state’s sins by then exposing the contents of the eavesdropping themselves (and throwing themselves on the mercy of illiberal regimes).”“flawed whistleblowers”??? I don’t get it. I’m sure they would have loved to throw themselves at the mercy of “liberal” regimes but it seems like the “liberty” in “liberal” was going to give way to American bureaucrats and their pressures.Ridley’s book is brief and easy to understand which increases its “viralness” and will thus greatly help spread its profound socioeconomic insights.Next I’d like to make a few comments regarding the existing reviews of this book.Mr. Edward Durney’s review on October 28th 2015 mentions:“I don't buy everything Matt Ridley argues. There are shades of the largely discredited "Social Darwinism" of Herbert Spencer and others in Matt Ridley's thinking”Looks like Edward overlooked a long footnote where Ridley debunks the negative stereotype that is often times thrown at Spencer with the “Social Darwinism” label. This gigantic error that plagues so many people misrepresents Spencer’s views and downplay the rightful representation of Herbert Spencer as one of mankind’s greatest intellectuals, right up there with Darwin. Spencer was a personal acquaintance of Charles Darwin who in a correspondence to Spencer said to him “Every one with eyes to see and ears to hear (the number, I fear, are not many) ought to bow their knee to you, and I for one do” and in another occasion referred to Spencer as “twenty times my superior.” Darwin might have penned a superior description of natural selection and evolution, but Spencer took the evolutionary paradigm much further than Darwin and used it to explain the entire workings of the world and was thoroughly aware of how evolutionary forces, not top down government planning, were the key to economic prosperity and an efficient social order. As Spencer so beautifully wrote:“Consider first how immediately every private enterprise is dependent upon the need for it; and how impossible it is for it to continue if there be no need. Daily are new trades and new companies established. If they subserve some existing public want, they take root and grow. If they do not, they die of inanition. It needs no act of Parliament, to put them down. As with all natural organizations, if there is no function to them, no nutrient comes to them, and they dwindle away. Moreover, not only do the new agencies disappear if they are superfluous, but the old ones cease to be when they have done their work. Unlike law-made instrumentalities…these private instrumentalities dissolve when they become needless.”Steve G.’s review on October 28th 2015 mentions:“it is obvious from the chapters on finance and laws, that Ridley is a libertarian and is using the cover of evolution to give his politics legitimacy. However, once Ridley’s underlying beliefs became apparent, I filtered them out and enjoyed the historical information in the book.”My guess is that Mr Ridley is not using evolution to give his political views legitimacy, it is Mr. Ridley’s understanding of evolution which drives his libertarianism not the other way around. To properly understand evolution means to eventually lean towards libertarianism. As Hayek tells us “…selection by evolution is prevented by government monopolies that make competitive experimentation impossible.” And since competitive experimentation is the best way to discover superior knowledge, one has to dismantle monopolies and thus government and thus lean towards libertarianism as opposed to statism/creationism/‘central planning’.Bottom line. This is a fantastic book that is now one of my top recommendations.
23 of 27 people found the following review helpful. Why “evolution is far more common, and far more influential, than most people realize” Matt Ridley By Robert Morris I agreed with Ridley’s comment previously quoted and regret that so many misconceptions remain concerning Charles Darwin’s General Theory of Evolution is…and isn’t. If evolution is a process, who can say with certainty that a divinity did or did not create it? Over centuries, the concept of creationism has evolved. In fact, all concepts evolve including articles of faith embraced by each of the world’s largest religions. Moreover, the process of natural selection doers not preclude faith in a divinity. I am among those who believe it confirms such faith.According to Ridley, “evolution is happening all around us. It is the best way of understanding how the human world changes, as well as the natural world. Change in human instructions, artifacts and habits is incremental, inexorable, and inevitable. It follows a narrative, going from one stage to the next; it creeps rather than jumps; it has its own spontaneous momentum, rather than being driven from ouytsi8de; it has no goal or end in mind; and it largely happens by trial and error -- a version of natural selection."Ridley then adds: "This truth continues to elude most intellectuals on the left as well as on the right, who remain in effect 'creationists.' The obsession with which those on the right resist Charles Darwin's insight -- that the complexity of nature does not imply a designer -- matches the obsession with which those on the left resist Adam Smith's insight -- that the complexity of society does not imply a planner. In the pages that follow, I shall take on this creationism in all its forms." And indeed he does.These are among the several dozen passages of greatest interest and value to me, also listed to suggest the scope of Ridley’s coverage in the first six of 16 chapters:o The Lucretian heresy (Pages 10-11)o The puddle that fits its pothole, and, Thinking for ourselves (18-20)o How morality emerges (25-27)o Better angels (28-33)o The evolution of law (33-36)o The evolution of Darwin's ideas (37-39)o Hume's swerve (39-42)o Darwin on the eye (42-45)o Astronomical improbability? (46-48)o Doubting Darwin still (49-52)o The lure of Lamarck (55-57)o Culture-driven genetic evolution (57-58)o All crane and no skyhook (62-64)o On whose behalf? (65-68)o Red Queen races (72-75)o The evolution of language (79-82)o The human revolution was actually an evolution (82-85)o The evolution of cities (91-93)o The evolution of institutions (94-95)Whenever I encounter a staunch advocate of creationism, I am again reminded of a press conference in 1925 when the newly elected governor of Texas. Miriam Amanda Wallace ("Ma") Ferguson, was asked for her opinion about bilingual education. "If English is good enough for Jesus Christ, it's good enough for me." Apparently there are still people out and about who, when referring to the King James version of the Bible to support their faith in creationism, believe that Jesus spoke Elizabethan English.I agree with Ridley that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection as outlined in 1859 should really be called the "special theory" of evolution to differentiate it from his "general theory." Why? Matt Ridley agrees with Richard Webb that "the flywheel of history is incremental change through trial and error, with innovation driven by recombination, and that this pertains in far more kinds of things than merely those that have genes. This is also the main way that change comes about" in all other areas of human initiative. "For far too long we have underestimated the power of spontaneous, organic and constructive change from above. Embrace the general theory of evolution. Admit that everything evolves."Amen.
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